Variation in plumage pigmentation has been documented in over 300 taxonomically diverse bird species and is often causally linked to melanins, either the black to brown eumelanin or the yellow to reddish-brown phaeomelanin. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Įxplaining the tremendous variation in plumage colouration in birds has been a prominent research focus across a wide range of fields including sexual selection, speciation, sexual dimorphism and the evolution of plumage polymorphism. was funded by the Deutsche 422 Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through a Heisenberg-Professorship (KR 2089/2-1). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: O.K. Received: OctoAccepted: DecemPublished: January 29, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Hoffman et al. PLoS ONE 9(1):Įditor: Kevin McGraw, Arizona State University, United States of America They also contribute towards a growing body of evidence suggesting that care should be taken to quantify, and where necessary control for, population structure in association studies.Ĭitation: Hoffman JI, Krause ET, Lehmann K, Krüger O (2014) MC1R Genotype and Plumage Colouration in the Zebra Finch ( Taeniopygia guttata): Population Structure Generates Artefactual Associations. Our results are consistent with a previous study that found no association between MC1R polymorphism and plumage coloration in leaf warblers. No significant associations were detected in the resulting offspring, suggesting that our original findings were a byproduct of genome-wide divergence. We therefore crossed wild type with white individuals and backcrossed the F1s with white birds. To provide a control, the birds were genotyped at eight microsatellites and subjected to Bayesian cluster analysis, revealing two distinct groups. Allelic counts differed significantly between the two plumage morphs at multiple segregating sites, but these were mostly synonymous. We explored the role of the MC1R in a model avian system by sequencing the coding region in 162 zebra finches comprising 79 wild type and 83 white individuals from five stocks. However, the potentially confounding influence of population structure has rarely been controlled for. If client chooses not to opt-in for DNA, the Avian Specialist Team does their best to select the right birds for our clients based off experience, physical traits, & personality traits.Polymorphisms at the melanocortin-1 receptor ( MC1R) gene have been linked to coloration in many vertebrate species. When ordering Zebra Finches please select DNA option to guarantee the gender of the Zebra Finches, Zebra Finches can be homomorphic on certain mutation. Also males tend to sing, while females not so much. Male black baring on chest and cheek color, while females don’t have these traits. Also water soluble vitamins are optimal, such as the brand Nekton. Cuttle Bone must provided for calcium and vitamin blocks for vitamins. Seeds, Pellets, & Fruits shall all be provided 24/7 & be balanced. Toys are a must and treats for the bird to be happy. Filled Food & Water bowls are needed 24/7 for the bird to stay healthy and hydrated. Its optimal to have wide cage with 1/4 inch bar spacing, for enough space to play. Quiet, perfect for apartment living, Males Can Chirp. (Baby 6 weeks – 3 months) (Juvenile 4-5 months) (Adult 6-12 months)
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |